I'm not sure if that is the right title for this, but I've been thinking for a long time about the differences between how creations that borrow or acknowledge other works are accepted and criticized in popular culture. In movies, homages to past films that have influenced the director are frequent, and seen as a warm way for a filmmaker to acknowledge his or her influences. The new films created are rarely described as having "lifted" ideas or materials, and you wouldn't really label them as fan fiction either, even though sometimes, the characters are exactly the same as in an original work.
For example, Noah Baumbach and Wes Anderson frequently reference older films (mostly French New Wave) within their films. Sometimes it's just a small nod using a shot or a line, and sometimes it's a much larger reference -- in Baumbach's The Squid and the Whale, the character of Frank is heavily based on Laurent from the Louis Malle film Murmur of the Heart. In fact, an entire scene - the one where Frank looks in the mirror and talks to himself - is a duplicate of a scene from Murmur of the Heart.
In Wes Anderson's Rushmore, the visual of Max driving the little racecar references a scene in Francois Truffaut's Day for Night, where Truffaut's favorite actor (and mine!) Jean Pierre Leaud drives a similar car.
:( I couldn't find the exact shot from Day for Night, but this is the scene
Baumbach, Anderson, and most film directors are very open about their influences, and people who love movies enjoy seeing these little references -- like a secret handshake among cinema afficionados. I'm not sure, but maybe it's because they are so open about their influences, and acknowledge them wholly with clear reference, that people don't criticize them for using material that isn't entirely original.
The idea of visual plagiarism is certainly prevalent in photography and illustration , but the acceptance and appreciation of these homages among the film community indicates that it's an honor to be referenced, rather than cause for legal action. Look at films like Clueless, and 10 Things I Hate About You - they're simply updated versions of classic literature, and no one seems to have a problem with that.
So why is the written word so different?
When we're talking about books and written work, suddenly things get nasty -- homages can become intellectual property theft, and references become plagiarism. There are lots of authors that do acknowledge past influences within their own works gracefully and in a way that is acceptable to the literary community -- for example, borrowing names of places or people is incredibly common, and done with a wink to the like-minded reader. I love it when I see these -- like references to Philip Pullman works in Michael Chabon's books, or the myriad of incredible, amazingly esoteric and well-placed literary references within A Series of Unfortunate Events.
But it seems that authors who borrow beyond proper nouns face harsh criticism for not coming up with original ideas. A lot of people accuse JK Rowling of this -- many of the elements in Harry Potter's world come from existing fantasy worlds created by authors like JRR Tolkein, sometimes with slight tweaks, sometimes not. But to the fair, most books in the fantasy genre contain similar elements -- it just seems that people are more critical of similarities and borrowed ideas here. Of course, most of these elements were originally borrowed from mythology, so who's to say who invented what?
LOTR Blackriders Darkriders, or nazgûl (thanks Finn!) and Harry Potter's Dementors.
Both gross, both hooded, both to be avoided.
In Michael Chabon's (excellent - go buy it) book of critical essays, Maps and Legends, he shares his literary influences in great detail, something that many writers avoid, so as not to be accused of plagiarism (case in point, Twilight author Stephenie Meyer's denial of ever having seen Buffy the Vampire Slayer. As. if.)
this book has the most amazing jacket ever. it's beautiful.
In fact, Chabon maintains that his influences continue to define his work:
"The first thing I ever wrote—when I worked on something for a sustained
period when I was about 10 or 11 years old—was a Sherlock Holmes story
in the voice of Dr. Watson. I came to realize that everything I do is
fan fiction. I think everything that we all do, all fiction, is fan
fiction in that you are always inspired to write by things that you
love. So much of writing for me is about finding a way to convey my own
love of other writers’ work."
I think that this is the huge point of difference here -- when a writer, or filmmaker, or artist of any kind is open about their influences, their references are seen as homages. When they bury them or brush them off, things take a negative turn.
Not to pick on JK Rowling (and I do love Harry Potter), but it seems that if she'd just acknowledged the influence of LOTR and other books, like the Chronicles of Narnia, on her writing, people would have dropped the issue, and appreciated the revival of concepts and ideas they loved.
In an interview, Rowling said, "I didn’t read “The Hobbit” until I was in my 20s-much later. I’d
started “Harry Potter” by then, and someone gave it to me, and I
thought, Yeah, I really should read this, because people kept saying,
“You’ve read ‘The Hobbit,’ obviously?” And I was saying, “Um, no.” So I
thought, Well, I will, and I did, and it was wonderful."
Rowling also maintains she's never read the entire Narnia series, but has been quoted as having a strong reaction to a plot element that occurs very (very) late in the series: “There comes a point where Susan, who was the older girl, is lost
to Narnia because she becomes interested in lipstick. She’s become
irreligious basically because she found sex,” Rowling says. “I have a
big problem with that.” (loads more info on this for literary conspiracy theorists here).
This denial of influence - which anyone who has ever created anything, written or otherwise, knows to be an essential element to the emergence of new ideas - seems to be a key element in how references to other works are perceived, and therefore on how the new work is perceived. If Noah Baumbach had denied that he'd ever seen any French New Wave films, he'd have been ripped to shreds, and any slight similarities in his works would have been heavily criticized. Since it's completely obvious that most writers are first passionate readers, I think that the literary world here should take a cue from filmmakers and be more open about their influences, since astute readers will always be able to discern them anyway.
Another industry that deals with the issue of acknowledging influence is the fashion industry -- for example, why is it ok for new designers to be heavily influenced by 1970's Yves St. Laurent, but it's atrocious when Forever 21 and H&M replicate runway designs? The main issue here seems to be same-season profit, and the laws concerning intellectual property in the fashion industry are quickly evolving to protect originators of a design (even if they themselves were influenced by someone else).
Again, the simple act of acknowledging one's influences seems to allow many fashion designers, like Proenza Schouler, to revisit designs seen before, and to great acclaim.
Proenza Schouler 2008, and their influence: Yves St Laurent (who was influenced by real safari-goers)
One of the things that I think is really fantastic about bloggers, in any genre, is their innate instinct to acknowledge, almost to a fault, the people and works that have influenced them. Crediting peers builds a feeling of community, shows appreciation for their contributions, and also shows how the effect that their thoughts have had on yours.
In this little marketing/planning/strategy blog community that I'm so lucky to be a part of - when I actually write anything ;) - everyone knows that since thinking IS your product, it would be in the worst possible taste to replicate anything without credit. Although you can see right through what I like to call "calculated references" - meaning acknowleding stuff people have written/said purely for the purpose of ass-kissing and personal advancement, I think that on the whole, our predispostiion to acknowledge our influences removes potential scepticism or criticism when exploring new territory, and makes this often snarky little industry a friendlier and more accepting place.
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